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Table 1 Possible risk factors contributing to port-site metastasis

From: Port-site metastasis after diagnostic laparoscopy for presumably benign ruptured ovarian cyst: disseminated intraperitoneal metastasis of a Krukenberg tumor

Mechanisms

Hematogenous spread and direct wound implantation

Instrument contamination

“Chimney effect”

Aerosolization of tumor cells

Surgical technique and experience

Excessive tumor manipulation

Pressure and CO2 of the pneumoperitoneum

Impairment of local immune response

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