Fig. 1

Variations of laparoscopic hysterectomies (a–d). In green and blue, the laparoscopic surgery and in white, the vaginal surgery or no further surgery. a Laparoscopic resection of the uterus in the region of the round ligament, adnexa and infundibulopelvic ligament from the pelvic side wall above the cardinal ligament with or without lymphadenectomy; the uterus is extracted via the vagina. In case of laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy (LSH), the uterus is resected above the cervix and the cervical stump remains. Morcellation of the uterus for transabdominal retraction. b Laparoscopic resection of the uterus starting from the round ligament up to the infundibulopelvic ligament. Cutting of the uterine vessels and mobilisation of the cervix up to the cervical stump with or without lymph nodes, opening of the paracervical and pararectal spaces and retraction of the uterus through the vagina. c Laparoscopic resection of the uterus from the round ligament and infundibulopelvic ligament and uterine artery, visualization of paravesical and pararectal spaces with mobilisation of the uterus, including the upper third of the vagina with or without lymphadenectomy, along with the parametria and retraction of the uterus from the vagina. d Classic intrafascial subtotal hysterectomy with coring of the inner cervix and endoscopic resection of the uterus up to above the cardinal ligament. Tying only of ascending branch of the uterine artery without lymphadenectomy (for hysterectomy in benign lesions). Morcellation of the uterus for transabdominal retraction