Techniques to reduce shoulder pain after laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecological disease: a systematic review

Table 1 The effect of intraperitoneal local anaesthetics (LA) on the incidence and severity of shoulder pain (SP)

Reference	Publication year	Number	Procedure	Intervention	Control	Administration	Site	Incidence SP	Severity SP	Post-operative analgesics
Benhamou et al. [10]	1994	50, 25/25	Sterilisation	Lidocaine	Saline	Infusion	Right subdiaphragmatic area	N/A	↓	↓
Callesen et al. [11]	1999	80, 40/41	Sterilisation	Ropivacaine	Saline	Infusion	Pelvic cavity	–	–	↓
Johnson et al. [12]	1994	77, 39/38	Sterilisation, laparoscopy	Bupivacaine	Saline	Flushed	Abdominal cavity	N/A	–	–
Kaufman et al. [13]	2008	40, 20/20	Salpingo-oophorectomy, ovarian cystectomy	Ropivacaine	Nothing	Nebulization	Abdominal cavity	–	–	–
Ozer et al. [14]	2005	51, 26/25	Not specified	Bupivacaine	Saline	Subphrenic catheter	Right subdiaphragmatic area	–	↓	↓
Chou et al. [15]	2005	79, 26/27	Not specified	Bupivacaine	Saline	Infusion	Pelvis cavity, subdiaphragmatic area	–	–	–