Techniques to reduce shoulder pain after laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecological disease: a systematic review

Table 2 The effect of pulmonary recruitment manoeuvre (PRM) on the incidence and severity of shoulder pain (SP)

Reference	Publication year	Number	Procedure	Intervention	Incidence of SP	Severity of SP	Post-operative analgesics
Phelps et al. [5]	2008	100, 46/54	Elective outpatient gynaecologic surgery	PRM vs. nothing	↓	–	N/A
Sharami et al. [16]	2010	131, 67/64	Minor laparoscopic gynaecologic surgery	PRM vs. nothing	↓	↓	↓
Tsai et al. [8]	2011	104, 53/51	Laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecologic lesions	PRM vs. nothing	↓	↓	–
Tsai et al. [8]	2011	107, 53/54	Laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecologic lesions	PRM vs. INSI	↑	↑	–

N/A not available, ↓ significant decrease, ↑ significant increase, – not significant