Ergonomics of laparoscopic graspers and the importance of haptic feedback: the surgeons’ perspective

Table 2 Handgrip usability assessment

Handle	Functionality	Comfort	Freedom of movement
Scissors handle A	4.4 ± 1.8	3.8 ± 1.7	4.1 ± 1.5
Scissors handle B	5.0 ± 1.4	4.6 ± 1.4	4.9 ± 1.3
In-line handle	4.0 ± 1.6	4.6 ± 1.5	4.7 ± 1.6
Pistol grip A	5.3 ± 1.4	5.3 ± 1.4	5.0 ± 1.3
Pistol grip B	4.5 ± 1.8	4.6 ± 1.7	4.4 + 1.6

For illustrations of the handle types, see Fig. 3. Assessment was based on a 7-point Likert scale where 1 means “the worst” and 7 means “the best” for the constructs’ functionality and freedom of movement. Comfort was assessed on a 7-point Likert scale where 1 means “very uncomfortable” and 7 means “very comfortable”