Table 1 Characterization of 98 patients with uterine perforation and without uterine perforation in Chinese women of IUD insertion
Characteristic | Uterine perforation (n = 29) | Non-uterine perforation (n = 69) |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
 Median (range) | 35 (22–60) | 38 (20–71) |
Symptoms | ||
 Asymptomatic | 10 (34.5) | 32 (46.4) |
 Pain (pelvic and/or abdominal) | 10 (34.5) | 15 (21.7) |
 Menstrual disorders | 3 (10.3) | 12 (17.4) |
 Unintended pregnancy | 5 (17.2) | 4 (5.8) |
 Missing strings | 4 (13.8) | 4 (5.8) |
 Vaginal bleeding | 0 (0) | 3 (4.3) |
History of previously pregnancy outcome | ||
 Cesarean section | 7 (24.1) | 27 (39.1) |
 Vaginal birth | 22 (75.9) | 42 (60.9) |
Diagnosis of IUD migration | ||
 B-scan ultrasonography (B-scan) only | 13 (44.8) | 52 (75.4) |
 X-radiation (X-rays) only | 3 (10.3) | 1 (1.4) |
 B-scan + X-rays | 6 (20.7)* | 3 (4.3) |
 Others | 7 (24.1) | 13 (18.8) |
IUD insertion after last delivery (months) | ||
 Median (range) | 16 (3–60) | 24 (3–120) |
 ≤ 6 | 15 (51.7)* | 17 (24.6) |
 > 6 to ≤ 12 | 4 (13.8) | 15 (21.7) |
 ≥ 12 | 8 (27.6) | 20 (29.0) |
 Not postpartum | 2 (6.9) | 17 (24.6) |
Time from insertion to diagnosis (months) | ||
 Median (range) | 114 (1–408) | 93 (1–480) |
 ≤ 12 | 8 (27.6) | 13 (18.8) |
 > 12 to ≤ 60 | 6 (20.7) | 27 (39.1) |
 > 60 to ≤ 120 | 6 (20.6) | 15 (21.7) |
 ≥ 120 | 9 (31.0) | 14 (20.3) |
Institution for operation of IUD inserting | ||
 Rural hospital or lower level | 26 (89.7)* | 48 (69.6) |
 Urban hospital | 3 (10.3) | 21 (30.4) |
Type of IUD | ||
 T-shaped copper, made in China | 10 (34.5) | 20 (29.0) |
 V-shaped copper, made in China | 13 (44.8) | 31 (44.9) |
 O-shaped, made in China | 4 (13.8) | 10 (14.5) |
 GyneFix, made in Belgium | 1 (3.4) | 3 (4.3) |
 Others | 1 (3.4) | 5 (7.2) |